Report Citations & Additional Resources
Rethinking Municipal Policy Responses to Encampments: Building a Human Rights Approach in Ontario
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Introduction
1 - Coulthard, G. S. (2014). Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. University of Minnesota Press 2 - It is important to note that while human rights language is useful as a means of communicating to/with government, it is often rooted in the same settler-colonial system that has led to Indigenous dispossession in Canada, and does not capture Indigenous knowledges or ways of relating to land. 3 - Boucher, L. M., Dodd, Z., Young, S., Shahid, A., Bayoumi, A., Firestone, M., & Kendall, C. E. (2022). “They have their security, we have our community”: Mutual support among people experiencing homelessness in encampments in Toronto during the COVID-19 pandemic. SSM-Qualitative Research in Health, 2, 100163. 4 - Gordon da Cruz, C. (2017). Critical community-engaged scholarship: Communities and universities striving for racial justice. Peabody Journal of Education, 92(3), 363-384. Background: What are Neo-Vagrancy Bylaws and Encampment Protocols?
5 - Gordon, T. (2004). The return of vagrancy law and the politics of poverty in Canada. Canadian Review of Social Policy, (54), 34. 6 - Chapman, C.; W. (2019). A Violent History of Benevolence: Interlocking Oppression in the Moral Economies of Social Working. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7 - Kaufman, D. (2022). Expulsion: A type of forced mobility experienced by homeless people in Canada. Urban Geography, 43(3), 321-343. 8 - Saelinger, D. (2006). Nowhere to go: The impacts of city ordinances criminalizing homelessness. Geo. J. on Poverty L. & Pol'y, 13, 545. 9 - Chesnay, C. T., Bellot, C., & Sylvestre, M. È. (2013). Taming disorderly people one ticket at a time: The penalization of homelessness in Ontario and British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 55(2), 161-185. 10 - Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2009). Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems (Vol. 3). Oxford: Oxford university press. 11 - Ibid. 12 - Malenfant, J., Annan, J., Pin, L., Levac, L., & Buchnea, A. (2024). Toward the right to housing in Canada: lived experience, research and promising practices in deep engagement. Engaged Scholar Journal, 10(2), 1-22. Developing a Human Rights Policy Framework for Municipal Encampment Responses
13 - Farha, L., & Schwan, K. (2020). A National Protocol on Homeless Encampments: A human rights approach. The Shift. https://www.make-the-shift.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/A-National-Protocol-for-HomelessEncampments-in-Canada.pdf 14 - Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2022, December 15). OHRC statement on human rights and encampments and shelter closings. https://www3.ohrc.on.ca/en/news-center/ohrc-statement-human-rights-and-encampmentsand-shelter-closings 15 - Flynn, A., Hermer, J., Leblanc, C., MacDonald, S.-A., Schwan, K., & Van Wagner, E. (2022). Overview of encampments across Canada: A right to housing approach. The Office of the Federal Housing Advocate. https://homelesshub.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Overview-of Encampments-Across-Canada_EN_1.pdf 16 - Farha & Schwan, 2020, pg. 19. 17 - Westbrook, M., & Robinson, T. (2021). Unhealthy by design: health & safety consequences of the criminalization of homelessness. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 30(2), 107-115. 18 - Rankin, S. (2021). Civilly Criminalizing Homelessness. Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review, 56(2), 367-412. https://journals.law.harvard.edu/crcl/wp-content/uploads/sites/80/2021/10/Rankin.pdf 19 - Office of the Federal Housing Advocate, 2022, p. 44. 20 - Farha & Schwan, 2020, p. 27. 21 - Ontario Human Rights Commission, 2022. 22 - O’Carroll, A., & Wainwright, D. (2019). Making sense of street chaos: an ethnographic exploration of homeless people’s health service utilization. International journal for equity in health, 18(1), 113. 23 - Farah & Schwan, 2020, p. 2. 24 - Office of the Federal Housing Advocate, 2022, p. 51. 25 - Heritz, J. (2018). From self‐determination to service delivery: Assessing Indigenous inclusion in municipal governance in Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 61(4), 596-615. 26 - Farah & Schwan, 2020, p. 28-29. 27 - Office of the Federal Housing Advocate, 2022, p 51. Research Methods: Identifying Municipal Bylaws and Protocols
28 - In Ontario, an upper-tier municipality is a regional or county government that delivers services across multiple local municipalities. A lower-tier municipality is a city, town, or township that provides local services within an upper-tier municipality. A designated housing service provider is a municipality or specially formed district responsible for planning and delivering social housing and homelessness services. Findings: Old Bylaws, New Rights Gaps: Municipal Trends Across Ontario
Pillar 1: Decentre Policing and Enforcement
Pillar 2: Addressing Conditions in Encampments and Basic Needs
Pillar 3: Equitable and Accessible Social Services
Pillar 4: Meaningful Participation
Pillar 5: Recognition of Indigenous Rights Conclusions and Policy Directions: Advancing Human Rights in Municipal Encampment Responses
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This report is part of a project called “Realizing the Right: Municipal Policy Responses to Encampments” a multi-year community engaged project focused on understanding how municipalities in Ontario are responding to encampments.
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